The platinum group metals (PGMs) are among the rarest mineral commodities in Earth’s crust. They include iridium, osmium, palladium, platinum, rhodium and ruthenium.
The PGMs occur together in nature, closely associated with nickel and copper, primarily in two major types of ore deposits. One deposit type is in distinct horizons within large, layered igneous complexes, such as the Bushveld Complex of South Africa, the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe and the Stillwater Complex of the United States. Most of the world’s PGMs are currently produced from the Bushveld Complex. The other leading type of deposit is in massive and disseminated nickel-copper ores, such as those of the Norilsk-Talnakh deposits of Russia and the Sudbury Basin deposits in Canada. In these deposits, PGMs are byproducts of nickel and copper mining. In both types of deposits, PGMs occur as sulfides, arsenides, tellurides and in solid solution as natural alloys or within other sulfide minerals.
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